China stands at the center of the global energy and climate landscape. It remains the world’s largest coal user while also leading in renewable deployment and equipment manufacturing. This coexistence reflects a system in which the rapid build-out of low-carbon capacity has not necessarily displaced fossil energy, revealing the uneven and segmented nature of China’s energy transition. The lecture reviews China’s current energy mix, emission trends, and the main objectives of its 2035 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). Using the evolution of electric-vehicle policy as a “warming-up” case to build the analytic frame, it applies three perspectives—techno-economic, societal-economic, and politicaleconomic—to examine how technological change interacts with institutional and social constraints.